Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India
(1978) 1 SCC 248 · Supreme Court of India
Articles 14, 19 and 21 form a golden triangle; any procedure that deprives liberty must be non-arbitrary.
Unit III · Human Rights Law
Expanded Article 21: procedure, dignity and livelihood
Study aid only. Confirm statute numbers with the current bare Act and the official OU LL.B. (3-YDC) 2024–25 syllabus PDF.
Statute sections
| Act / instrument | Section | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Constitution of India | 21 | Protection of life and personal liberty |
| Constitution of India | 14 | Equality as part of due process |
| Constitution of India | 19 | Freedoms that inform personal liberty |
Landmark cases
Francis Coralie Mullin v. Administrator, UT of Delhi
(1981) 1 SCC 608 · Supreme Court of India
A detenu is entitled to dignity, including interviews with family and lawyers within reasonable limits.
Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar
(1980) 1 SCC 81 · Supreme Court of India
Speedy trial and free legal aid for undertrials are part of Article 21.