People's Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India
(1982) 3 SCC 235 · Supreme Court of India
Non-payment of minimum wages can amount to forced labour under Article 23.
Unit IV · Constitutional Law – I
Articles 23–30 and limitations in 31A–31C
Study aid only. Confirm statute numbers with the current bare Act and the official OU LL.B. (3-YDC) 2024–25 syllabus PDF.
Statute sections
| Act / instrument | Section | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Constitution of India | 23–24 | Forced labour and child labour |
| Constitution of India | 25–28 | Freedom of religion |
| Constitution of India | 29–30 | Cultural and educational rights of minorities |
| Constitution of India | 31A–31C | Saving of certain laws |
Landmark cases
T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka
(2002) 8 SCC 481 · Supreme Court of India
Minority educational rights under Article 30 were restated with reasonable regulation.